منابع مشابه
ساختار کلاسهایی از حلقه های z- موضعی و c- موضعی the structure of some classes of z-local and c-local rings
فرض کنیمr یک حلقه تعویض پذیر ویکدار موضعی باشدو(j(r رایکال جیکوبسن r و(z(r مجموعه مقسوم علیه های صفر حلقه r باشد.گوییم r یک حلقه z- موضعی است هرگاه j(r)^2=. .همچنین برای یک حلقه تعویض پذیر r فرض کنیم c یک عنصر ناصفر از (z( r باشد با این خاصیت که cz( r)=0 گوییم حلقه موضعی r یک حلقه c - موضعی است هرگاه و{0 و z(r)^2={cو z(r)^3=0, نیز xz( r)=0 نتیجه دهد که x عضو {c,0 } است. در این پایان نامه ساخ...
Impact of Federal and State Mandates on Local Governments
"Fend-for-yourself federalism" as opposed to "new federalism" is the term now used to more precisely describe the federal government's policies that are presently impacting small local governments. It isn't that rural communities are being ignored; on the contrary, they are recognized as a vital link in carrying out national policy. A third of the nation's population lives in communities with 2...
متن کاملCauses of Fiscal Crises in State and Local Governments
Financial insolvency is a rare occurrence in American state and local governments. However, when it does happen, as in the case of Detroit’s historical bankruptcy filing in 2013, the consequences for vital city services, public employees, and taxpayers can be devastating. This essay reviews existing and emerging research on the causes of government fiscal crises, paying particular attention to ...
متن کاملFederal Grants to State and Local Governments, 1957–58
16 m-30 ________ / 99 .“̂ .̂ 19*.51-~-~~~-~ $!E,! IS”, 282 1931-32.-._--.213,879 1932-33 ____ ____ 190,052 1933-34 ________ 1802,703 1934-35 ________ 2.196577 1935-3&e..---1,014,656 193637 ________ 818,434 1937-38 ________ 790,392 1938-39 ________ 1,030,576 193~40..-_._. 967.065 II i4641____ -_.-/ 915,3 -57 1,. A” 1941-%L.-----nnll n am,L21 194243 ._______ 991,212 1943-44 ._______ 982,76
متن کاملFederal Grants to State and Local Governments, 1953–54
3). This amount was equal to a little more than 89 percent of the total increase in monthly old-age and survivors insurance benefits paid to these cases. The average reduction in the old-age assistance payment was $4.44; the average increase in the old-age and survivors insurance benefit was $4.98. For aid to dependent children, the total reduction of $197,000 in monthly assistance payments equ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
سال: 1890
ISSN: 0002-7162,1552-3349
DOI: 10.1177/000271629000100102